Simply, structures are used to refer to related values as a unit rather than individually. They provide a way to group variables logically. Also, with built-in structure related functions and the ability to nest functions and arrays, variables become much more powerful.

This article presents an introduction to structures, how they're coded, and how to capitalize on some of their features. In addition, the concept of nesting structures and arrays - one of the most exciting and powerful uses of data in a ColdFusion application - will be introduced.

Simple variables on a given page are just there, blissfully ignorant of any other variables and happy to store their value. The benefit of structures lies in the logical grouping of the variables. For example, an album on compact disc is an item with several unique values, such as title, artist, and genre. Although each value is unique, they are part of a logical unit: the CD itself.

A structure represents the CD and a number of properties, or keys, within it. By logically grouping the variables in structures, they can be used as members of a cohesive unit. For example, examine the following structure:

<CFSCRIPT>
	CD=StructNew();
	
	CD.Title = "Cookin at the Plugged Nickel";
	CD.Artist = "Miles Davis";
	CD.Genre = "Jazz";
</CFSCRIPT> 

To view this structure, the following script can be used:

<cfoutput>We have a #CD.Genre# CD called #CD.Title# by #CD.Artist#</cfoutput>

This produces:

We have a Jazz CD called Cookin at the Plugged Nickel by Miles Davis 

On the other hand, the StructFind function returns the value associated with the specified key in the specified structure:

<cfoutput>We have a #StructFind(CD, "Genre")# CD called #StructFind(CD, "Title")# by #StructFind(CD, "Artist")#</cfoutput>

Here is the return:

We have a Jazz CD called Cookin at the Plugged Nickel by Miles Davis 

ColdFusion provides a variety of very handy functions for working with structures, including StructFind used in the CD example above. The StructKeyList function can be used to view (or loop through) a list of the related variables, such as:

A cd consists of <cfoutput>#StructKeyList(CD)#</cfoutput>.

This returns:

A cd consists of ARTIST,GENRE,TITLE.

The existence of a certain key can be checked with StructKeyExists (e.g., #StructKeyExists(CD, "PublishedYear")# returns NO). It can also count the number of keys in a specified structure, turn the keys into an array, or copy, clear, and/or delete the structure. Take a look at the ColdFusion Language Reference documentation for details.

Structures and arrays can be combined to create complex, related data sets that are simple and powerful to use. The CD example provided an interesting way to group three variables logically. However, it only dealt with one CD. For a more complicated example, an online music will be used.

Even though "Cookin at the Plugged Nickel" is a fine album, customers will want to buy other albums as well. If a structure can be thought of as holding multiple properties of an object, then arrays can be thought of as holding multiple instances of an object. When combined, the two produce multiple instances of objects with multiple properties.

For example, the following code shows a one-dimensional array titled MyCart.

<CFSCRIPT>
	MyCart = ArrayNew(1);

		OneCD = StructNew();
		OneCD.Title = "Cookin at the Plugged Nickel";
		OneCD.Artist = "Miles Davis";
		OneCD.Genre = "Jazz";
		OneCD.Cost = "15.00";
		OneCD.Quantity = "1";

	AddIt = ArrayAppend(MyCart, OneCD);
	
		AnotherCD = StructNew();
		AnotherCD.Title = "Lady in Satin";
		AnotherCD.Atrist = "Billie Holiday";
		AnotherCD.Genre = "Blues";
		AnotherCD.Cost = "14.00";
		AnotherCD.Quantity = "2";
		
	AddIt = ArrayAppend(MyCart, AnotherCD);
</CFSCRIPT> 

If the MyCart structure is managed as a session variable, it becomes a shopping cart that persists through a user's visit to the store and capable of holding any number of items and particular information about each item.

Elements of an array are displayed by indicating their position in the array, such as ArrayName[position]. Thus, the second element in MyCart would be displayed as MyCart[2].

Remember the old logic statement, "If A=B and B=C, then A=C"? Arrays work much the same way. if OneCD.Title is "Cookin at the Plugged Nickel" and MyCart[1] is OneCD then MyCart[1].Title is "Cookin at the Plugged Nickel."

In order to add the contents of the cart together and display the cost of the items, each item in the array must be counted - from 1 to ArrayLen(MyCart) - and tallied.

<cfset GrandTotal = 0>
<cfloop index="ThisCD" from="1" to="#ArrayLen(MyCart)#">

	<cfset ItemTotal = MyCart[ThisCD].cost * MyCart[ThisCD].quantity>
	<cfset GrandTotal = GrandTotal + ItemTotal>

</cfloop>
<cfoutput>So far, your items cost #DollarFormat(GrandTotal)#</cfoutput>

This produces:

So far, your items cost $43.00 

In the previous example, a structure served as an element of an array. An array can also serve as a key in a structure. Nesting arrays within structures and structures within arrays opens up new worlds of complex data manipulation.

Allaire Spectra uses this technique extensively. For instance, an Allaire Spectra variable could look like this:

stContainer.aRules[1].stParams.aGroups[1].aObjects[index].METHOD="..."

While intimidating at first, here is a breakdown of the variable notation in which the nesting scheme becoming obvious:

• There's a structure called stContainer.
• One of stContainer's keys is an array called aRules.
• Each element of the aRules array is a structure.
• One of the keys of that structure is called stParams.

Using the example of an online music store again, a top-level session variable exists called customer. Each customer may have both a shopping cart and a "wish list" for things that he or she wants. Within each of those, multiple CDs exist with multiple properties for each.

One of the properties of a CD could be a list of all the tracks on the album. A particular song title would be notated as:

Customer.ShoppingCart[2].Tracks[3].SongTitle

Listing all of the tracks from the second album in a customer's cart becomes a simple matter of plugging in the correct data:

<cfoutput>
#Customer.ShoppingCart[2].AlbumTitle# has the following songs:

<cfloop index="ThisSong" from="1" to="#ArrayLen(Customer.ShoppingCart[2].Tracks)#">
	
#Customer.ShoppingCart[2].Tracks[ThisSong].SongTitle#
<cfloop>

</cfoutput>

When data needs to be grouped and related in a hierarchical manner, such as shopping carts, bills of material, personnel organizations, site content components (as elegantly demonstrated in Allaire Spectra), and user profiles, structures and nested structures and arrays provide powerful and flexible tools to accommodate any of these cases and more.

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